Freight - Items Shipping Cost

Introduction

Since the emergence of international trade, shipping played a important rol in his development. Currently, over 70% of the volume of goods moving in international are transported by sea.

In maritime transport, as in the whole area, there have been significant qualitative changes that lead to lower costs, increase quality of services and to better preserve the goods. Compared to other forms of transportation, shipping large enough advantages, which led governments of all countries to support the development of maritime transport by encouraging investment in this area, protecting national fleets to foreign competition, the development and use of ports to be rapidly of loading - unloading agreements with other states.

Broadly by shipping means the work of private law topics, including work done by states as subjects of private law. The goal can be both commercial (getting income) and commercial (providing humanitarian aid, acts caritateetc.).

Narrow field of maritime transport is reduced to their commercial significance, namely the use of vessels for profit, moving passengers (tourists), transportation of various kinds of goods (grain, coal, iron ore, oil and others. etc.), military equipment, etc.

Transport execution occurs for a fee-freight.Freight means the amount paid freight carrier for shipment and arrival of goods at destination without losing commercial value and ready to be shipped bill of lading holder.

In introduction is written the importance of maritime transportation,the role of tranportaton in world economy also the based tool that enables maritime transport,namely ‘’freight’’

In chapter one is defined the concept of freight ,the forms of establishing the freight,when the freight is paid and when freight is earned,payment method and currency of the payment.

We will reach the subject about the main factors that influence over the size of cost and the elements in the cost of shipping.

In chapter two is related the importance of international shipping in economic development of country.A small detail in this chapter will be the manner of freight in Moldova.

Originality of the theme is that despite the passage of time the effect and importance of maritime transport remains unchanged, shipping remains a tool to help the country's economy to grow by investing less and get higher profits.

ChapterI.Freight

1.1.General notions Transport execution occurs for a fee-freight. Freight means the amount paid freight carrier for shipment and arrival of goods at destination without losing commercial value .There are several markets of comparable rate therefore acts not demand and supply transport market in general, but a particular group of market goods and a certain type of ship. Level comparable rate depends on the free interplay of supply and demand, the demand for space transportation a relationship for a certain kind of commodity or group of commodities.

Forms of establishing freight

Freight can be set in several forms, of which the most used are the following:

a) freight set according to the weight or volume of the goods:

when freight is setlle depending on the weight of the goods,it is important to specify if about metric ton, long ton or short ton knowing that between There are three significant differences.

b) lumpsum freight:

when freight is established in this form charterer pays a certain amount of money regardless of the amount of cargo loaded. This form of establishing freight is used, most often, when the charterer is entitled to charge up to the maximum charge when they ship or oversized freight charge.

c) freight can be established and the unit of time (day or month) and it called rent;

d) prices of transport ships appear as line rates per metric ton or cubic meter, and they are published on different relationships. Sometimes these prices are coordinated by members of the Conference on relationship. Although appearing in the form of tariffs, these prices can be negotiated if there is a volume of goods meant in a short time;

e)freight can be and as a percentage of the goods - ad valorem

Factors influencing freight

- The freight depends on the free interplay of supply and demand;

- The area of transport, the type of goods - there are nulte markets such comparable rate

as coal haulage market, timber transport market, the market transportation of oil and petroleum products, grain transport market etc.

- Type of cargo - ship occupancy capacity, endowment additional danger of manipulation, transport etc.

- Ability Ship - ship to double capacity construction cost increases 40% and 35% fuel.

- Distance traveled in march

- Ship classification - maximum age is 15 years.

-Rules for loading / unloading - the rules of loading / unloading higher the freight is less => less time lay days.

- The level of equipment of ports simultaneously operating capacity and system working.

- The level of transit through canals and straits

- Port dues - Dues - fees paid by shipowners for temporary usages facilities. Tolls – port administration charges. Usually structure and the port charges to be brought into line with the state. According to their port charges can be grouped as follows:light dues,port dues,quay charges (berthiage, Wharfage, Quay, Pier Dues),anchorage dues,channel dues etc.

- Fuel price;

- Distance to the ship is the port of loading;

- Ability to load cargo ship to return running;

- Socio - political area;

- The geographical location of the port on the possible risk of frost;

- Calculation of time of lay days and despatch rate - demurrage;

- Date of payment of freight and currency of payment;

- Mode of charter.

ACADEMY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES OF MOLDOVA

FACULTY INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

CHAIR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS