Sistemul de Orașe ale Europei

primele orase au aparut acum 4000 de ani (civilizatia minoica - Cnossos, Ins. Creta);

civilizatia greaca: Atena, Corint, Byzantion, Marsilia, Tomis, Callatis, Histria;

orase romane: Roma, Londinium (Londra), Lutetia (Paris), Vindobona (Viena), Colonia (Koln); in Rom.: Drobeta, Dierna, Turris, Noviodunum, Aegyssus, Potaissa, Napoca, Apulum;

orase medievale (orase- cetati, inconjurate de ziduri): Madrid, Sevilla, Bruges, Anvers, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Moscova, Kiev, Praga, Budapesta, Cracovia; in Romania: foste capitale - Buc., Targoviste, Iasi, Suceava; cetati - Brasov, Sibiu, Sighisoara, Timisoara, Arad, Oradea; targuri - Tg. Ocna, Tg. Mures, Tg. Jiu;