At 2 years of age, children depend on someone for satisfaction of needs, for personal support, and for entertainment. They may show no particular interest in a toy until it is moved by another child or adult. Usually the attention span is short. These children play mostly alone or in the presence of an adult, and may even walk on or over another person without acknowledging his presence. They enjoy music, finger plays, stories, and art activities, but in a much more limited sense than older children. They may have "tantrums".
Language is limited; 2-years-olds understand much more than they are able to verbalize, but may use some words or short sentences. They also have their own words for objects or wants, which only someone who knows them well will understand.
At 2 years of age, children are gaining better control over large muscles - they jump, run, throw and climb in immature and uncoordinated ways. Getting their way is accomplished mostly by physical action - taking things (often as though the other person were not there) or hurting someone (although they do not understand how the other person feels). They are great imitators, curious and full of energy.
2 years old
Physical development His walking improves, he climbs and descends the stairs, he runs, he sits at table, he becomes independent from the bill, he uses the spoon and the fork, he turns pages by himself, he throws the ball, he has attempts to get dress by himself, he build a 6 blocks tower.
Emotional development He is very egocentric, it is the beginning of the personal identity and affiliation, he is possessive, often negativist, frequently frustrated, he can't decide on the proposed alternatives, is happy when receiving affection, becomes independent, resistant to changes, responds rather to humor and entertainment than to discipline and reasoning.
Social development He plays alone, he depends on the adult's guidance, plays with dolls, he calls out his name, is socially immature, hasn't got the concept of "others", responds to simple requests.
Intellectual development He speaks - words or short sentences, knows approximately 272 words, understands simple requests, identifies simple images, he likes to look at books, can maintain his attention for a short time, he avoids risks.
Children at 3 years of age are not secure enough to be independent; they still like to be close to an adult and often imitate the actions of others. They enjoy assisting in small chores. Their interests are expanding; they spend more time in certain activities. At this age, children begin to play by other children (parallel play) but may have little or no interaction. They are definitely doers and not watchers and enjoy participating in music, stories, art and other activities. They enjoy the security of routines but may begin to test limits.
The 3-years-old's use of language increases rapidly. Often conversation with another child will be "collective monologue", that is, each child will await his turn to talk and then speak only of his thoughts and not in response to the other person. He enjoys talking, sounds of words, and nonsense topics. He is becoming more verbal in getting his way, but still uses some physical means. Ability of distinguishing reality from fantasy is limited - everything is possible and the 3-year-old attempts to demonstrate rather than verbalize ideas.
Large muscles are increasing in strength and coordination; however, agility is lacking. Use of small muscles is still limited even though increasing all the time. Lack of eye-hand coordination and of precision in small muscle use makes it tiring for a 3-year-old to stay with small muscle activities (puzzles, pegboards, or scissors). Growth is tapering off, causing dawdling over food and poor appetite.
3 years old
Physical development He runs easily, marches, stands in one leg, rides the tricycle, puts on his shoes and socks, he buttons and unbuttons and he builds a 10 blocks tower. He can pour water from a carafe.
Emotional development He likes to conform himself, in order to be appreciated, he is no longer as resistant to changes, is more secure, he gains the feeling of identity, he starts to venture himself, he likes music.
Social development He likes to play in groups, he relatively waits for his turn, is aware of his gender, likes to help out, he likes group activities that don't require special abilities, but only simple indications.
Intellectual development He can utter short sentences, 896 words. There is a remarkable increase of communication, he can tell simple stories, uses words to express his thoughts, wants to understand the environment, answers questions, has a rich imagination, can recite short poetry with rhyme.
At 4 years of age children make definite strides for independence, and, for the most part, are assertive and boastful. They express caring behavior towards others. Their interests are much broader than previously; they can spend long periods of time with an activity. Language is used increasingly in interaction with others, to gain desired things, and in self-expression. Many questions are asked and serious answers are wanted with verbiage.
These children play cooperatively with others. They want more realistic "props" and may assign roles for each member. Play may continue from one day to another. They are now adept at using tools and utensils - hammers, saws, scissors,
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