Politica UE cu privire la ocuparea forței de muncă

Populatia activa Statut profesional Obiectivul general al capitolului Sa prezinte principalele concepte referitoare la munca si ocupare Obiectivele specifice Sa scoata in evidenta dimensiunea culturala a definirii muncii Sa faca distinctia intre munca si ocupare Sa creeze abilitatile de operare cu aceste concepte Ce este munca?

Munca nu este doar un efort pentru a obtine o recompensa economica, ci si o sursa a statusului fundamental sau un mod de a petrece cea mai mare parte a zilei. Munca este atat un mijloc de a-ti satisface nevoile de stima si de autorealizare, cat si o forma de alienare sau, asa cu specifica ideologia de sorginte marxista, o forma de exploatare a omului de catre om existenta in societatea capitalista. Munca a fost asociata si cu detinutii aflati in taberele de munca (din regimul comunist) care au construit canalul Dunare Marea Neagra, cu lagarele de munca naziste al caror slogan Munca te elibereaza justifica genocidul.

Enciclopedia de semnificatii atasate muncii este vasta. Nu o epuizam aici, dar mai adaugam asocierea muncii cu o modalitate de integrare si recunoastere sociala.

Munca poate fi o pedeapsa pentru pacatul original, o modalitate de exprimare a credintei religioase, un mijloc de a evita ispita carnii, de a castiga bunavointa lui Dumnezeu, sau de a construi Regatul lui Dumnezeu pe pamant. Munca este asimilata unui tip de dependenta contemporana numita in limba engleza workalcholic, dar si unei poveri pe care o eviti sau de care incerci sa te dispensezi cat poti de repede. Toate aceste perspective fac dificila definirea termenului de munca, dar, totodata, ii imbogatesc continutul cu o multime de nuante. Alaturi de alte cuvinte pe care le folosim fara sa avem dubii cu privire la semnificatiile lor, munca ridica foarte multe probleme atunci cand ne propunem s-o definim.

Etimologic, termenul munca isi are originea in cuvantul din limba slava muka, care inseamna chin. In limba rusa, mN?O>?, poate fi folosit in expresiile chin cumplit sau chinurile creatiei. Pentru munca grea sau munca rutiniera depusa in jurul gospodariei, in romaneste se foloseste si verbul a roboti, care isi are originea tot intr-un cuvant slav, robota, care inseamna munca.

De aici vine si substantivul robota, care era obligatia iobagilor din Transilvania catre feudali sau a taranilor saraci din Tarile Romane pentru boieri. Plecand de la aceeasi radacina, scriitorul ceh Karel Capek a folosit pentru prima data cuvantul robot in anul 1921 intr-o piesa de teatru stiitifico-fantastica, la sugestia fratelui sau. Maurice Godelier (1980), analizand reprezentarile muncii, stabileste etimologia cuvantului munca in limbile franceza si greaca. In limba franceza, travailler (a munci) vine din cuvantul latinesc tripaliare (tortura cu tridentul), ovrer vine din latinescul operarus (om al durerii), iar gagner (a castiga) vine din cuvantul waidajan din limba franca, care insemna a jefui sau a cauta de mancare. Tot in limba franceza ...

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