Strategii de aplicare a politicii de mediu în Uniunea Europeană

Aparuta pe agenda de lucru europeana la inceputul anilor 1970, preocuparea pentru mediu dobandeste un caracter distinct odata cu semnalarea, de catre Clubul de la Roma, a diminuarii resurselor naturale si a deteriorarii rapide a calitatii apei, aerului si solului. Au trecut doi pana la crearea politicii comunitare de mediu, in 1972 si de aici la dezvoltarea acesteia ca una dintre cele mai importante politici comunitare.

Importanta sa nu este datorata anvergurii fondurilor alocate (care nu depasesc fondurile de care dispun politica regionala sau politica agricola) ci faptului ca politica de mediu a devenit politica orizontala a Uniunii Europene, aspectele de protectie a mediului fiind considerente obligatorii ale celorlalte politici comunitare.

Prin adoptarea strategiei dezvoltarii durabile ca element principal al campului sau de actiune - adica prin preocuparea pentru natura ca mostenire si resursa a generatiilor viitoare politica de mediu este permanent conectata la tendintele globale de protectie a mediului, asa cum apar ele in urma evenimentelor internationale precum summit-urile de la Rio (1992) si Johanesburg (2002), a protocolului de la Kyoto, etc.

In plus, aceasta conectare la si implicare in progresele internationale de mediu transforma Uniunea Europeana in promotor global al dezvoltarii durabile.

Prin insusi caracterul ei, dezvoltarea durabila reprezinta nevoia de responsabilizare si educatie pentru protectia mediului, iar acest aspect este reflectat de evolutia politicii comunitare in ultimii ani, politica marcata de trecerea de la o abordare bazata pe constrangere si sanctiune, la una mai flexibila, bazata pe stimulente. Astfel, se actioneaza in directia unei abordari voluntare, in scopul de a promova aceasta responsabilizare fata de mediu si a de a incuraja utilizarea sistemelor de management al mediului.

Politica de mediu nu actioneaza independent, ci reflecta interesul societatii civile in aceasta directie, manifestat prin crearea a numeroase miscari si organizatii de mediu.

Mai mult, in unele tari s-a ajuns la crearea si dezvoltarea unor partide politice verzi, cu un real succes in arena politica. Nu trebuie insa uitate nici rezistenta - sau, mai bine spus retinerea si inertia care se manifesta, atunci cand obiectivele de mediu par a limita competitivitatea industriala si cresterea economica; insa acest aspect nu face decat sa sublinieze o data in plus nevoia unei abordari concertate la nivel european si necesitatea existentei unei politici de mediu active si integrate, capabila sa raspunda provocarilor care apar in plan economic.

Politica de mediu a Uniunii Europene a aparut ca domeniu separat al preocuparii comunitare in anul 1972, impulsionata de o conferinta a Organizatiei Natiunilor Unite asupra mediului inconjurator, care a avut loc la Stockholm, in acelasi an.

In 1973 a fost elaborat primul Program de Actiune pentru Mediu - PAM (1973-1977), sub forma unei combinatii de programe pe termen mediu si de gandire strategica ...

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"EUROPE'S ENVIRONMENT: THE THIRD ASSESMENT" - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT REPORT, EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY: COPENHAGEN, 2003

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LEGISLATIE: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE CANDIDATE COUNTRIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE OF 20 MAY 1998 ON ACCESSION STRATEGIES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: 40 MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT WITH THE CANDIDATE COUNTRIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION OF 15 MAY 2001 - A SUSTAINABLE EUROPE FOR A BETTER WORLD: A EUROPEAN UNION STRATEGYFOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (COMMISSION'S PROPOSAL TO THE GOTHENBURG EUROPEAN COUNCIL)

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OFTHE REGIONS OF 17 JULY 2002 ON ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS AT COMMUNITY LEVEL WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OFTHE ACTION PLAN ON THE "SIMPLIFICATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT"

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: ROADMAPS FOR BULGARIA AND ROMANIA - COM(2002)624 FINAL

DECISION NO 1600/2002/EC OFTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL OF 22 JULY 2002 LAYING DOWN THE SIXTH COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT ACTION PROGRAMME. OJ L 242, 10/9/2002

DECISION NO 466/2002/EC OFTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL OF 1 MARCH 2002 LAYING DOWN A COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME PROMOTING NON - GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS PRIMARILY ACTIVE IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION [OFFICIAL JOURNAL L 75, 16. 03. 2002]

DIRECTIVE 2001/42/EC OFTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL OF 27 JUNE 2001 ON THE ASSESSMENT OFTHE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PLANS AND PROGRAMMES ON THE ENVIRONMENT

PROPOSAL FOR A DIRECTIVE OFTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL OF 23 JANUARY 2002 ON ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY WITH REGARD TO THE PREVENTION AND REMEDYING OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE [COM(2002) 17 FINAL

REGULATION (EC) NO 1980/2000 OFTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL OF 17 JULY 2000 ON A REVISED COMMUNITY ECO - LABEL AWARD SCHEME [OFFICIAL JOURNAL L 237, 21. 09. 2000]

REGULATION (EEC) NO 1655/2000 OFTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL OF 17 JULY 2000 CONCERNING THE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT (LIFE)

REGULATION (EEC) NO 761/2001 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 19 MARCH 2001 ALLOWING VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION BY ORGANISATIONS IN A COMMUNITY ECO - MANAGEMENT AND AUDIT SCHEME (EMAS)