English Grammar

1. Present Perfect Simple - has, have+V3

? actions for which no time/space is mentioned. Result-important

- I have seen this film/movie. ; - They have discussed this matter.

? unique/unusual events in somebody's life;

Adverbs: already, just, yet, never, ever, recently, always, often. - He has just announced his resignation.

? to express duration (since, for ever since, yet); things that happened until the present moment (up to now, so far, lately): - He has won several medals so far. - I haven't met anyone yet who can run as fast as him.

- I have yet to meet anyone who can run as fast as him .

? expressions like "It is/This is the 1st/2st/the only time ...":

- This is the 1st time he has been late.

? with an Adverbial which includes the present moment: - I have worked a lot today. ; - I have worked a lot all morning.

- How many times was he married? - he's dead

- How many times has he been married? - alive, able to marry

- I worked a lot all my childhood. - childhood is over, I'm an adult

- I have worked a lot all my life. - I'm working/able to work

- I have worked for 3 years ever since I left school. - left school 3 years ago

- I worked for 3 years after I left school. - more than 3 yrs ago, I don't work anymore

- I had enough!/You've had it!

- You crossed the line/Now you've done it! You've arrived! (to achive success)

2. Present Perfect Continuous - has, have+been+Ving

? emhasize duration: for, since - I have been waiting for you since 10 o'clock.

? for something that happened in the recent past, there is some evidence at present:

- Your hands are dirty! - I've been washing the car.

- You look so sweaty! - I have been running.

? something incomplete, just finishing, about to change:

- I have been meaning to discuss this with you all weekend.

PPC - Temporary Situation:

- I have lived in this town for 10 years.

- I have been living in this town for 10 years. - temporary stay.

- I lived in this town for 10 years.

PPC - an action PPS - result What have you been doing? - recent activities

What have you done? - past

3. Past Perfect Simple - had+V3

? an event that happened prior to another past event:

- I got home after Sue had arrived.

- When I arrived they had started. - started before

- When I arrived they started. - after my arrival

? it has a define time reference: - I arrived at 8 o'clock, but they had got there at 7 o'clock.

Obs: it's always used with another past form.

- I want to visit him because his wife had asked me to.

4. Past Perfect Coninuous - had+been+Ving

? something that happened before another past event usually present in the sentence: - They have been climbing for 5 hours when they reached the top.

? emphasizes duration: for, since - He had been driving for hours and he needed a rest. - I had been revising for several months, but still I wasn't ready for the exam.

5. Past Tense Simple - V2

? an event completed at a specific time in the past (usually there is an Adverb in the sentence): - The study was carried out in 1996.

Adverbs: last year/month/week, yesterday, a week ago etc.

? in narration (present a series of events from the past):

- He woke up, went down stairs and started to drink a tea.

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