Clasificarea constructiilor
Criteriile de clasificare a constructiilor sunt:
a) Din punct de vedere functional si al destinatiei, constructiile se impart in doua categorii:
- constructii de cladiri
- constructii ingineresti.
Cladirile pot fi:
- cu caracter civil (cladiri de locuit, social-culturale, administrative, comerciale etc.);
- cu caracter industrial (hale parter si etaj, magazii, depozite etc.);
- cu caracter agrozootehnic (adaposturi de animale si pasari, depozite pentru produse
agricole, sere, ateliere de intretinere si adapost al utilajelor agricole etc.).
Constructiile ingineresti cuprind:
- cai de comunicatii; silozuri;
- turnuri;
- rezervoare;
- poduri;
- tuneluri;
- viaducte;
- hidrocentrale;
- retele de alimentare cu apa, gaze, termoficare, energie electrica etc.
b) Dupa forma in plan a constructiei se disting: constructii sub forma dreptunghiulara,
patrata, circulara, constructii sub forma de I, T, L, U, Y.
Figura 1 - Forme pe care le pot avea constructiile civile, industriale si agricole
Dintre acestea primele doua categorii au o comportare mai buna la seism, mai ales in
cazul constructiilor foarte inalte.
c) Dupa tipul constructiei:
- constructii etajate - blocuri de locuinte, spitale, hoteluri;
CONSTRUCTII CIVILE - PROBLEME SI SOLUTII MODERNE Daniel STOICA
6
- constructii tip hala-parter - hale industriale, sali pentru spectacole, expozitii;
- constructii speciale: recipiente pentru depozitarea materialelor si a apei;
- constructii tip turn.
d) Dupa structura de rezistenta:
- constructii cu structuri din pereti structurali realizati din zidarie, elemente din beton
monolit si prefabricat;
- constructii cu structuri din cadre realizate din beton armat monolit, prefabricat,
metal sau lemn;
- constructii cu structuri speciale realizate sub forma de placi curbe subtiri, arce;
- constructii cu structura mixta.
e) Dupa rigiditatea elementelor verticale de rezistenta:
- constructii cu structura elastica - stalpii sunt elementele verticale de sustinere; au
flexibilitate ridicata, se deformeaza in anumite limite sub actiunea fortelor
orizontale
- constructii cu structura semirigida - doar o parte a incarcarilor orizontale sunt
preluate de stalpi flexibili; tot in aceasta categorie intra si constructiile cu tub sau
miez central rigid si plansee in consola, cu cabluri sau sprijinite pe stalpi elastici
- constructii cu structura rigida - au ca elemente de sustinere verticale peretii care
sunt rigizi si nu permit aparitia deformatiilor sub actiunea fortelor orizontale
- constructii cu structura rigida si partea inferioara elastica - sunt realizate cu stalpi
de sustinere la partea inferioara pentru a permite crearea unor spatii mari deschise;
la nivelurile superioare stalpii sunt inlocuiti cu pereti structurali
Figura 2 - Constructii cu structura elastica (a), semirigida (b) si rigida (c)
f) Dupa modul de executie a structurii de rezistenta: monolite, prefabricate si mixte.
g) Dupa materialul din care este alcatuita structura de rezistenta: din beton, lemn, metal
sau mixte (beton cu metal, beton cu lemn).
CONSTRUCTII CIVILE - PROBLEME SI SOLUTII MODERNE Daniel STOICA
7
h) Din punct de vedere al importantei lor, constructiile se incadreaza in categorii si clase
de importanta.
i) Clasificarea dupa regimul de inaltime
Figura 3 - Clasificarea dupa regimul de inaltime
Categoriile de importanta se stabilesc tinand seama de urmatoarele aspecte:
- implicarea vitala a constructiilor in societate si in natura - gradul de risc sub aspectul
sigurantei si sanatatii;
- implicarea functionala a constructiilor in domeniul socio-economic, in mediul
construit si in natura - destinatie, modul de utilizare;
- caracteristici proprii constructiilor - complexitatea si considerente economice.
Categoriile de importanta care se stabilesc pentru constructii sunt:
- constructii de importanta exceptionala, categoria A;
- constructii de importanta deosebita, categoria B;
- constructii de importanta normala, categoria C;
- constructii de importanta redusa, categoria D.
Clasele de importanta se stabilesc in functie de gradul de protectie care trebuie asigurat prin
proiectare constructiei la actiunea seismica.
CONSTRUCTII CIVILE - PROBLEME SI SOLUTII MODERNE Daniel STOICA
8
Clasele de importanta a constructiilor
Clasa de
importanta
Tipuri de cladiri
Factorul de
importanta
expunere
?Ie
I
Cladiri avand functiuni esentiale, pentru care pastrarea
integritatii pe durata cutremurelor este vitala pentru protectia
civila, cum sunt:
Andersen, L., Hausgaard Lyngs, J. (2009). Shortcomings of the Winkler Model in the
Assessment of Sectioned Tunnels under Seismic Loading, DCE Technical Memorandum
No. 10, Aalborg University.
- Anderson, D.G., Richart, F.E. Jr. (1976). Effects of Straining on Shear Modulus of Clays,
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Division ASCE, pp.1-27.
- ASCE Standard 4-86 (1986). Seismic Analysis of Safety Related Nuclear Structures and
Commentary on Standard for Seismic Analysis of Safety Related Nuclear Structures,
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
- Bazavan Domnita - Efectele interactiunii seismice teren-structura la constructii partial
ingropate si ingropate - Teza de doctorat - UTCB 2010
- Bilotta, E., Lanzano, G., Gianpiero, R. et.al. (2007). Pseudostatic and Dynamic Analyses
of Tunnels in Transversal and Longitudinal Directions, 4th International Conference on
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Biswal, K., Bhattacharyya S. K., Sinha, K. (2003). Dynamic Characteristics of Liquid
Filled Rectangular Tank with Baffles, IE (I) Journal, Vol 84, August.
- Boncheva, H. (1977). Soil Amplification Factor of Surface Waves, Proceedings of the 6th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, January, New Delhi.
- Bozorgnia, Y., Bertero, V.V. (editors, 2004). Earthquake Engineering from Engineering
Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering, CRC Press. C239-92 (1993). Indrumator
tehnic provizoriu pentru calculul terenului de fundare, al presiunii pamantului pe lucrari de
sustinere si al stabilitatii taluzurilor si versantilor la actiuni seismice, Buletinul
Constructiilor, vol. 3/1993.
- Chang, C.Y., Power, M..S., Mok, C.M., Tang, Y.K., Tang, H.T. (1990). Analysis of
Dynamic Lateral Earth Pressures Recorded on Lotung Reactor Containment Model
Structure, Proceedings, 4th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 643-
652, EERI.
- Chen, W-F., Scawthorn, C. (editors, 2003). Earthquake Engineering Handbook, Vol.1,
CRC Press.
- Chopra, A.K. (2007). Dynamics of Structures. Theory and Applications to Earthquake
Engineering, Pearson, Prentice Hall, NJ.
- Das, B.M. (2004). Principles of Foundation Engineering, 2nd Edition, PWS-KENT
Publishing Company, Boston.
- Day, R.W. (2002). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill
Handbooks.
- Duke, C.M. (1960). Foundations and Earth Structures in Earthquakes, Proceedings of the
Second World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol.1, Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan,
pp.435-455.
- Electric Power Research Institute (1989). Proceedings: EPRI/NRC/TPC Workshop on
Seismic Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis Techniques Using Data from Lotung, Taiwan,
Report No.EPRI/NP-6154, March, Palo Alto, California.
- Electric Power Research Institute (1991). Post - Earthquake Analysis and Data
Correlations for the 1/4 - Scale Containment Model of the Lotung Experiment, EPRI
Publication No.EPRI/NP-7305SL, October, Palo Alto, California.
- Erdey, C.K. (2007). Earthquake Engineering, Application to Design, John Wiley&Sons,
Inc.
- Ghiocel, D. (2004-2006). Comunicari personale.
- Ghiocel, D.M. (1996). Seismic Motion Incoherency Effects on Dynamic Response, 7th
ASCE EMD/STD Joint Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural
Reliability, Worcester M.A.
CONSTRUCTII CIVILE - PROBLEME SI SOLUTII MODERNE Daniel STOICA
446
- Ghiocel, D.M. (1998). Uncertainties of Seismic Soil-Structure Interactions Analysis:
Significance, Modeling and Examples, US-Japan Workshop on Soil-Structure Interaction,
San Francisco.
- Ghiocel, D.M. (1999). SUPER SASSI/PC: A Complete Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction
System on Personal Computers, Advanced Computational Software, INC. Pittsford, N.Y.
- Hadjian, A. H., Tang, H.T. (1991). Soil Spring SSI Improvements Based on Test
Correlation of the Lotung SSI Experiment - Horizontal Excitation, Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and
Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, Missouri, March 11-15.
- Haiano, K., Matsumoto, M., Tatsuoka, F., Koseki, J. (2001). Evaluation of Time-
Dependent Deformation Properties of Sedimentary Soft Rock and Their Constitutive
Modeling, Soils and Foundations, Japanese Geotechnical Society, Vol.41, No.2, 21-38,
April 2001.
- Hani M. (1992). Soil-Structure Interaction under Random Excitation, Ph.D. Thesis, I.C.B.
- Hardin, B.O., Black, W.L. (1969). Closure to Vibration Modulus of Normally Consolidated
Clays, Proceedings ASCE: Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Vol.95
(SM6), pp.1531-1537.
- Hardin, B.O., Drnevich, V.P. (1972). Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils: Design
Equations and Curves, Proceedings of ASCE: Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Foundations Division, Vol. 98 (SM7), pp.667-692.
- Hirota, M., Sugimoto, M., Onimaru, S. (1992). Study on Dynamic Earth Pressure through
Observation. Proceedings of 10th WCEE, Madrid, Spain.
- Idriss, I.M., Boulanger, R.W. (2008). Soil Liquefaction during Earthquakes, EERI
Monograph, MNO-12.
Documentul este oferit gratuit,
trebuie doar să te autentifici in contul tău.